Quick Start
In this tutorial, we will implement a simple counter to show how Move manages resources through code. This document covers background knowledge, writing code, how to compile, how to publish to the chain, and how to call. The complete code repository is here.
Prepare in advance:
You need to build a dev network according to how to set up a local development network and connect to the dev network through the Starcoin console.
Create an account according to account management or use an existing account, and transfer a little STC to the account.
There is a basic understanding of the transaction through the first on-chain transaction.
Next, we will introduce some necessary tools and project structure.
mpm command-line tool and project structure
Before we start writing code, let's install the mpm (Move Package Manager) command line tool and briefly introduce the structure of the Move project.
mpm is encapsulated and integrated with some additional functions on the basis of move-cli by Starcoin developers to facilitate the development, testing and deployment of Starcoin smart contracts.
The installation method is to set up the Move development environment.
Now you can create a new project through mpm:
$ mpm package new my-counter
You can see the generated directory structure:
my-counter
├── Move.toml
└── sources
- sources - Directory of storing the Move module.
- Move.toml - Manifest file: Define the metadata, dependencies and named addresses of the package.
A module is a library that define structure types and functions of manipulate structures. The concept of class in other programming languages can be used to help understand.
The module will be published to the publisher's address, and the entry functions in the module can be called and executed by everyone. (You can use function computing platforms such as AWS Lambda to publish functions and call functions to help understand)
A project consisting of Move.toml files and sources directory will be considered a Move Package.
Create a MyCounter module
Create a MyCounter.move file in the sources directory to store the code of the module.
The module we are going to create is named MyCounter.
In this article, we will demonstrate it using an account address 0xcada49d6a37864931afb639203501695 of my local dev network.
We will publish the MyCounter module to this address.
Define the syntax of the module:
module <address>::<identifier> {
// module body
}
The first version of the code
In the MyCounter module, we define a structure Counter, which contains a field value representing the number of times the counter is triggered.
The type of value is u64, that is, unsigned 64-bit integer.
The following is the first version of the MyCounter module:
module 0xcada49d6a37864931afb639203501695::MyCounter {
struct Counter {
value: u64,
}
}
We can use the mpm package build command to build our counter program.
$ mpm package build
BUILDING my-counter
As you can see, the program passed the compilation smoothly and then went down.
Because this address is too long, you can set a named address in the Move.toml file, which can be globally replaced in the Move project.
[package]
name = "my-counter"
version = "0.0.1"
[addresses]
MyCounterAddr = "0xcada49d6a37864931afb639203501695"
...
Highlighted blocks of code are changes or parts that need attention.
In this way, the first version of code can be written as:
module MyCounterAddr::MyCounter {
struct Counter {
value: u64,
}
}
MyCounterAddr is a named address and MyCounter is a module identifier.
Then we compile the code:
$ mpm package build
BUILDING my-counter
There is no error, indicating that there is no problem.
Initialization method init
Then we customize an initialization method to create a Counter instance and "move" to the storage space of the caller's account.
module MyCounterAddr::MyCounter {
struct Counter {
value: u64,
}
public fun init(account: &signer) {
move_to(account, Counter { value: 0 });
}
}
move_to<T>(&signer, T) here is a built-in method to add resources of type T to the storage space under the address of the account signer (the brackets here represent generics).
The storage space here is GlobalState, which can be simply understood as the place where the account is stored in resources and module code.
More details can be found in Concept-Status.
The signer in the init function on line 6 account: &signer is the built-in type of Move.
If you want to put resources under the caller's account address, you need to pass the &signer parameter to the function.
The &signer data type represents the initiator of the current transaction (the caller of the function can be any account).
signer is like uid under Linux.
After logging in to the Linux system, all the commands you enter are considered to be "this logged-in certified user" operation.
The key is that this authentication process is not done in running commands and programs, but is completed by the operating system after booting.
Corresponding to Move, this authentication process is a well-known "private key signature, public key verification" process similar to other blockchain systems.
When the function with the &signer parameter is executed, the identity of the initiator has been authenticated by the Starcoin blockchain.
Let's try to compile it:
$ mpm package build
BUILDING my-counter
error[E05001]: ability constraint not satisfied
┌─ ./sources/MyCounter.move:7:6
│
2 │ struct Counter {
│ ------- To satisfy the constraint, the 'key' ability would need to be added here
·
7 │ move_to(account, Counter { value: 0 });
│ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
│ │ │
│ │ The type 'MyCounterAddr::MyCounter::Counter' does not have the ability 'key'
│ Invalid call of 'move_to'
Something went wrong! Prompt us "ability constraint not satisfied", and the following is a sentence "The type 'MyCounterAddr::MyCounter::Counter' does not have the ability 'key'".
The compiler told us that the resource type MyCounterAddr::MyCounter::Counter lacks key capacity, so it cannot be added to the account address with move_to.
The ability feature of Move are involved here.
Move language is a resource-oriented language, and the core is resource management.
For what "ability" resources have, the Move programming language abstracts the four attributes of resources -- copyable(copy), indexable (key), discarded(drop), and storable(store).
Through the different combinations of these four attributes, users can easily define the resources of any ability.
For example, users can define an ordinary information type through the combination of key + copy + drop + store, and an asset type through the combination of key + store -- such as NFT -- without copy attributes ensure that NFT cannot be copied at will, which improves security.
Move provides four competencies:
- copy: Indicates whether the value can be copied.
- drop: Indicates whether the value can be discarded at the end of the scope.
- key: Indicates whether the value can be accessed as a global key.
- store: Indicates whether the value can be saved to the global state.
By endowing resources with different ability, the Move virtual machine can fundamentally ensure that "resources" can only move. As for copying, modifying and discarding, it depends on the specific ability of resources. If it is forcibly copied, modified or discarded, the code compilation will go wrong and there is no chance to run at all.
For more information, please refer to the Understanding Ability chapter.
Generally speaking, we believe that the structure with key ability is resources.
We modify the code and follow the prompts to add key ability.
module MyCounterAddr::MyCounter {
struct Counter has key {
value: u64,
}
public fun init(account: &signer) {
move_to(account, Counter { value: 0 });
}
}
At this time, it can be compiled again.
Counter plus one method incr
Now add an incr method to the Counter resource.
module MyCounterAddr::MyCounter {
use StarcoinFramework::Signer;
struct Counter has key {
value: u64,
}
public fun init(account: &signer) {
move_to(account, Counter { value: 0 });
}
public fun incr(account: &signer) {
let counter = borrow_global_mut<Counter>(Signer::address_of(account));
counter.value = counter.value + 1
}
}
Note that in line 3, we refer to a dependency - StarcoinFramwork can be regarded as the Stdlib standard library of Starcoin.
We need to use the Signer::address_of(&signer) method in the library to extract the address of the signer.
Modify the Move.toml file to add dependencies to the project
[package]
name = "my-counter"
version = "0.0.1"
[addresses]
StarcoinFramework = "0x1"
MyCounterAddr = "0xcada49d6a37864931afb639203501695"
[dependencies]
StarcoinFramework = {git = "https://github.com/starcoinorg/starcoin-framework.git", rev="cf1deda180af40a8b3e26c0c7b548c4c290cd7e7"}
Line 16 has a new method borrow_global_mut.
Like the previous move_to, it is a built-in method to operate resources on the storage space of the account address.
move_to<T>(&signer, T): Publish and add resources of typeTto the address of thesigner.move_from<T>(address): T: Delete the resource of typeTfrom the address and return this resource.borrow_global<T>(address): &T: Returns an immutable reference to a resource of typeTunder the address.borrow_global_mut<T>(address): &mut T: Returns a mutable reference to a resource of typeTunder the address.exists<T>(address): bool: Judge whether there are resources of typeTunder the address.
To use these methods, resource T must be defined in the current module.
This ensures that resources can only be operated by the API method provided by the module that defines the resource.
The parameters address and signer represent the address stored in a resource of type T.
Then we will try to compile it:
$ mpm package build
CACHED StarcoinFramework
BUILDING my-counter
error[E04020]: missing acquires annotation
┌─ ./sources/MyCounter.move:14:20
│
14 │ let counter = borrow_global_mut<Counter>(Signer::address_of(account));
│ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
│ │ │
│ │ The call acquires 'MyCounterAddr::MyCounter::Counter', but the 'acquires' list for the current function does not contain this type. It must be present in the calling context's acquires list
│ Invalid call to borrow_global_mut.
哦！又出错了。
报错信息提示了我们第14行调用方法获取 Counter 结构时，类型（Counter 结构）必须出现在调用上下文的 qcquires 列表中，而当前函数的 acquires 列表没有包含这个类型。
这里我们引入 acquire 的概念。
Oh! Something went wrong again.
The error message prompts that when we call the method in line 14 to get the Counter structure, the type (Counter structure) must appear in the acquires list of the call context, and the acquires list of the current function does not contain this type.
Here we introduce the concept of acquire.
When a function accesses resources with move_from(), borrow_global() and borrow_global_mut(), the function must show which resource the declaration needs to "acquire".
This will be ensured by Move's type system that references to resources are safe and there are no suspended references.
The revised code is as follows:
module MyCounterAddr::MyCounter {
use StarcoinFramework::Signer;
struct Counter has key {
value: u64,
}
public fun init(account: &signer) {
move_to(account, Counter { value: 0 });
}
public fun incr(account: &signer) acquires Counter {
let counter = borrow_global_mut<Counter>(Signer::address_of(account));
counter.value = counter.value + 1
}
}
It can now be compiled.
Next, we write functions that can be executed directly through the console.
Write a callable script function
The previously written public fun init and public fun incr functions cannot be called and executed directly in the console.
You need to use the entry function to call.
At present, in Move, the entry method is achieved through script function, writing public(script) fun.
The concept of function visibility is introduced here. Different visibility determines where functions can be called. (The following concept tip can be skipped first)
| visibility | write | explain |
|---|---|---|
| internal | fun | It can also be called private, which can only be called in the same module. |
| public | public fun | It can be called by functions in any module. |
| public script | public(script) fun | The script function is an entry method in the module, which can be called by initiating a transaction through the console, just like the local execution script (although the code has been stored under the module address on the chain). |
| public friend | public(friend) fun | It can be called in the same module and added to the trusted module call of the friend list. |
Next, let's write the script function corresponding to init and incr functions.
module MyCounterAddr::MyCounter {
use StarcoinFramework::Signer;
struct Counter has key, store {
value: u64,
}
public fun init(account: &signer) {
move_to(account, Counter { value: 0 });
}
public fun incr(account: &signer) acquires Counter {
let counter = borrow_global_mut<Counter>(Signer::address_of(account));
counter.value = counter.value + 1
}
public(script) fun init_counter(account: signer) {
Self::init(&account);
}
public(script) fun incr_counter(account: signer) acquires Counter {
Self::incr(&account);
}
}
The only thing to explain is that Self refers to the current module.
Now, we publish the module to the chain and try to call it.
Publish to the chain and call
Publish to the chain
Run the mpm release command:
$ mpm release
Packaging Modules:
0xcada49d6a37864931afb639203501695::MyCounter
Release done: release/my-counter.v0.0.1.blob, package hash: 0x31b36a1cd0fd13e84034a02e9972f68f1c9b1cde1c9dfbe7ac69f32f6fc6dafa
It will package the compilation module and get the binary package.
In the previous article, we have prepared an account with the address 0xcada49d6a37864931afb639203501695.
If there is no balance, we can get some test coins through the dev get-coin command.
Now deploy the compiled module to this account address.
starcoin% account unlock 0xcada49d6a37864931afb639203501695 -p <MY-PASSWORD>
starcoin% dev deploy /path/to/my-counter/release/my-counter.v0.0.1.blob -s 0xcada49d6a37864931afb639203501695 -b
txn 0xf60662ba0ac3373c28f827a0ac9d9db6667c3921056905356aa5414b3bf3df09 submitted.
{
"ok": {
"dry_run_output": {
"events": [],
"explained_status": "Executed",
"gas_used": "7800",
"status": "Executed",
"write_set": [
{
"access_path": "0x00000000000000000000000000000001/1/0x00000000000000000000000000000001::TransactionFee::TransactionFee<0x00000000000000000000000000000001::STC::STC>",
"action": "Value",
"value": {
"Resource": {
"json": {
"fee": {
"value": 292331
}
},
"raw": "0xeb750400000000000000000000000000"
}
}
},
...
-s that is --sender is the sender, -b is --blocking, blocking and waiting for the command to be executed.
The txn 0xf60662... submitted on line 5 means that the smart contract of the counter has been successfully deployed to the publisher's address, which belongs to an on-chain transaction, and the chain has recorded the transaction status.
At this time, we can check the storage of the code on the chain.
starcoin% state list code 0xcada49d6a37864931afb639203501695
{
"ok": {
"codes": {
"MyCounter": {
"abi": {
"module_name": {
"address": "0xcada49d6a37864931afb639203501695",
"name": "MyCounter"
},
...
}
You can see that there is only MyCounter, the contract code at the address of 0xcada49d6a37864931afb639203501695.
The state command is used to view the data under the account address.
You can enter state --help in the console to see more help.
Call init_counter to initialize resources
Use the account execute-function command to execute a script function.
Now we call the init_counter method to initialize the Counter resource to the caller's address.
starcoin% account execute-function --function 0xcada49d6a37864931afb639203501695::MyCounter::init_counter -s 0xcada49d6a37864931afb639203501695 -b
txn 0x032c0eda779157e0ef3949338c3b3e4e6528c7720776d02c2cb0ddd64804f1c2 submitted.
{
"ok": {
"dry_run_output": {
"events": [],
"explained_status": "Executed",
"gas_used": "11667",
"status": "Executed",
"write_set": [
...
}
In the init_counter function, we initialize a Counter object (resource) and move_to to the caller's address.
Let's see if this resource exists. Use the state list resource <ADDRESS> command to view the list of resources under a given address.
starcoin% state list resource 0xcada49d6a37864931afb639203501695
{
...（There are many output, we observe the last one）
"0xcada49d6a37864931afb639203501695::MyCounter::Counter": {
"json": {
"value": 0
},
"raw": "0x0000000000000000"
}
}
You can see the address 0xcada49d6a37864931afb639203501695 had 0xcada49d6a37864931afb639203501695::MyCounter::Counter type of resource, the content is "value": 0.
Some friends may wonder why the Counter resource type name is written so long.
Let's first help you recall the concept of FQN.
Fully Qualified Name (FQN) is a computer term that defines the name of a resource (object, function, domain name, file) in a call context. For example:
- The absolute path name
/path/to/fileof Linux is the fully qualified file name, and the relative./to/fileis a relative path address. - In the domain name system,
google.com.is an fully qualified domain name, pay attention to the last.. This means that this domain name should not continue to be recursively resolved.
Then it corresponds to the Move language, and the resource type is published under an address, which belongs to this address.
Address 0x001 can create a resource of Counter type, and address 0x002 can also create a resource of Counter type.
To distinguish two Counters, you need to bring an address and module name.
<address>::<module_identifier>::<structure>
Call incr_counter incremental counter
Next, call another function incr_counter to try to add one to the counter.
starcoin% account execute-function --function 0xcada49d6a37864931afb639203501695::MyCounter::incr_counter -s 0xcada49d6a37864931afb639203501695 -b
txn 0x032c0eda779157e0ef3949338c3b3e4e6528c7720776d02c2cb0ddd64804f1c2 submitted.
...
Check the resources again.
With the previous concept of FQN, this time we will use state get resource <ADDRESS> [RESOURCE_TYPE] to view specific resource types under ADDRESS.
starcoin% state get resource 0xcada49d6a37864931afb639203501695 0xcada49d6a37864931afb639203501695::MyCounter::Counter
{
"ok": {
"json": {
"value": 1
},
"raw": "0x0100000000000000"
}
}
You can see that the value of the counter has changed to 1.
Another account call
In the previous example, we used the same address 0xcada49d6a37864931afb639203501695 to publish modules, create a counter resource type (dev deploy), and call function add counters (account execute-function).
We will have another account to initialize the counter and the self-increment counter. Suppose a local account is 0x012ABC
starcoin% account execute-function -s 0x012ABC --function 0xb19b07b76f00a8df445368a91c0547cc::MyCounter::init_counter -b
starcoin% state get resource 0x012ABC 0xcada49d6a37864931afb639203501695::MyCounter::Counter
Readers can observe the changes in resources under 0x012ABC.
In order to prevent people from being confused by scripts in tutorials read elsewhere, let's briefly talk about the origin of history. This section can be skipped.
We use Python pip or Node.js npm to assist in understanding.
Before the emergence of centralized package management hosting platforms such as pip and npm, we want to install a package, which requires setup.py install /path/to/package.
Of course, this is not convenient for the distribution, dissemination and indexing of packages.
Later, with pip, how did we do it? The package author first uploaded his own package to the pip repository, and the pip will store the package and index it.
Ordinary users only need pip install package_name.
The pip tool will download the source code according to the package_name you provided, and then install it.
The two packages are actually installed in the same way.
It now corresponds to Move. Before the script function appeared, there was only script, and the script was written in the scripts directory equal to the sources directory.
The script is like a local Python package. The script can be compiled into bytecode. When calling the script, you need to create a transaction. Bring the compiled bytecode in the payload, and the script can be Mov on the node. E The virtual machine executed it. The right should be in the Starcoin console:
starcoin% account execute-script </path/to/mv_file>
As an alternative to script, script function has been added to the Move language.
Analogy to packages stored in the pip repository.
The script function will be published to an address together in the module (just as the package author publishes the package in pip).
At this time, to call the script, you need to create a transaction, and the address of the published code in payload.
Corresponding to the Starcoin console are:
starcoin% account execute-function --function <0xAddress>::<module>::<function> --arg xxx
Of course, Move is also an evolving language, and public(script) fun is being replaced by public entry. Let's wait and see.
To sum up:
- The
scriptmay be abandoned, and it is recommended to use thescript functionas the entry method. - The next version of Move will replace
public(script) funwithpublic entry fun.
What course to follow
Congratulations, you have completed the whole process of writing, deploying and invoking a simple contract.
The complete code repository is here.
Next,
- You can systematically learn the Move language through the Move language
- View [more Move examples]
- Learn how to Debug/test Move module
- Learn about the Starcoin Move Framework
- Advanced Move can be learned through [Move Advanced Development].
- Learn about the Move specification language and Move Prover to develop safer Move applications
- Explore more features of Move Package Manager
Or you can directly enter the world of Dapp.